![]() This algorithm has three objectives: (i) minimizing average evacuation time, (ii) minimizing the overall length traveled, and (iii) maximizing space–time use efficiency in the evacuation network. Secondly, we present a two-tier hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm to plan vehicle and pedestrian turning movement directions in an integrated road and building-interior network for the purpose of making decisions about evacuation plans. The metric measures the usage of an evacuation network by supporting a trajectory-based analysis of the competing behaviors of vehicles and pedestrians in a hybrid pedestrian-vehicle simulation. ![]() First, we define a space–time use efficiency metric on the basis of trajectories on road segments and intersections. To this end, this paper proposes an assessment metric and uses it for the optimization of evacuation plans. Methodologies for assessing and optimizing the space–time use efficiency of an evacuation plan have yet to be studied satisfactorily. The effectiveness of an evacuation plan is a central concern of emergency management agencies.
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